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Childhood Vaccines - Kiddivax

Childhood Vaccines - Kiddivax

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Contents

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POLIOMYELITIS – ‘POLIO’

Viral infection affecting the central nervous system; usually leads to paralysis; caused by the polio virus2
 
 
How it spreads2,4 The virus spreads from human faeces through improperly washed hands onto objects, food and water that come into contact with the mouth
  Signs and Symptoms2
  • Asymptomatic
  • Low grade fever
  • Sore throat
  • Stiffness of the neck, back and/or legs
  • Severe muscle aches
 
Complications2,4
  • Paralysis
  • Aseptic meningitis (infection and inflammation of the brain and spinal cord)
  • Can lead to death
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VARICELLA - ‘CHICKENPOX’

Viral infection; highly contagious; caused by varicella-zoster virus5
 
 
How it spreads6,7
  • Touching
  • Breathing in the virus particles from chickenpox blisters
  • Tiny droplets from air
 
Signs and Symptoms9
  • Itchy, fluid-filled blisters all over body
  • Fever
  • Tiredness
  • Loss of appetite
  • Headache
 
Complications7
  • Infection of the lungs11
  • Infection and inflammation of the brain and spinal cord4
  • Bleeding problems
  • Infection of the blood12
  • Dehydration
Time between exposure to the virus and the development of signs and symptoms: 10 - 21 days
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PERTUSSIS - ‘WHOOPING COUGH’

Bacterial infection: highly contagious; caused by Bordetella pertussis13
 
 
How it spreads14 Only spread from person to person, through sneezing or coughing
Signs and Symptoms15
  • Slowed or stopped breathing (skin may turn blue)16,17
  • Coughing fits followed by a high-pitched “whoop”
  • Vomiting after coughing18
  • Many rapid coughs19
Complications20 Babies and Children:11 Infection of the lungs, slowed or stopped breathing, violent and uncontrolled shaking, brain disease11,16 Teens and Adults:11Weight loss, loss of bladder control

Time between exposure to the bacteria and the development of signs and symptoms:8 5 - 10 days15

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TUBERCULOSIS – ‘TB’

Bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis21
 
How it spreads22 TB of the lungs: through the air (e.g. speaking or coughing). Can be infectious
Signs and Symptoms23
  • Cough
  • Reduced playfulness, weakness or lethargy, failure to thrive
  • Weight loss
  • Fever and/or night sweats
Complications23,24,25 Can spread through the whole body, which can lead to other organs being infected,but mostly the lungs (70% - 80%)
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DIPHTHERIA

Bacterial infection; caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae; can cause a thick whitish covering at the back of the throat26
 
 
How it spreads26 Spreads via respiratory droplets through coughing or sneezing
 
Signs and Symptoms28
  • Weakness
  • Sore throat
  • Fever
  • Swollen glands in the neck
 
Complications29
  • Blocking of the airway
  • Damage to the heart muscle
  • Nerve damage
  • Paralysis
  • Kidney failure
  • Can lead to death

Time between exposure to the bacteria and the development of signs and symptoms:8 2 - 5 days27

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TETANUS – ‘LOCKJAW’

Bacterial infection caused by Clostridium tetani and can cause painful muscle contractions30
 
 
How it spreads31 Bacteria are found in soil, dust and manure and enter the body through cuts or puncture wounds
 
Signs and Symptoms30,32
  • Headache
  • Jaw cramping
  • Muscle spasms - often in the stomach
  • Muscle stiffness/pain
  • Trouble swallowing
  • Seizures (jerking or staring)
  • Fever and sweating
  • High Blood Pressure
  • Fast heart rate
 
Complications32
  • Uncontrolled/involuntary tightening of the vocal cords
  • Broken bones
  • Infection of the lungs
  • Breathing difficulty
  • Can lead to death

Time between exposure to the bacteria and the development of signs and symptoms:8 3 - 21 days31

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ROTAVIRUS

Viral infection: contagious and can cause gastroenteritis33
 
 
How it spreads34-36 Children can spread it before and after they have diarrhoea The virus spreads from human faeces through improperly washed hands onto objects, food and water that come into contact with the mouth2,3
 
Signs and Symptoms36
  • Severe watery diarrhoea
  • vomiting
  • fever
  • abdominal pain
  • loss of appetite
  • dehydration
Signs of dehydration: decrease in urine; dry mouth and throat; dizziness when standing up. A child may cry, with few or no tears, be unusually fussy or sleepy
 
Complications37
  • Severe diarrhoea
  • Dehydration
  • Kidney and liver abnormalities

Time between exposure to the virus and the development of signs and symptoms:8 2 days36

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MUMPS

Viral infection of the salivary glands that is contagious38
 
 
How it spreads39 Infection spreads through saliva or mucus from the mouth, nose or throat.  Can spread through:
  • coughing
  • sneezing
  • sharing eating utensils or items with infected person
 
Signs and Symptoms40
  • Fever
  • Headache
  • Muscle aches
  • Tiredness
  • Loss of appetite
  • Swollen and tender salivary glands
 
Complications41
  • Infection and inflammation of the brain and spinal cord4
  • Inflammation of the ovaries and/or inflammation of the breast tissue
  • Deafness

Time between exposure to the virus and the development of signs and symptoms:8 12 - 25 days40

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HEPATITIS A

Viral infection of the liver caused by Hepatitis A42
 
 
How it spreads43 The virus spreads from human faeces through improperly washed hands onto objects, food and water that come into contact with the mouth2,3 and/or through contaminated food or water33
Signs and Symptoms42,43
  • Fever
  • fatigue
  • loss of appetite
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • abdominal pain
  • dark urine
  • clay-coloured stools
  • joint pain
  • jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)44
Complications43 In rare cases, can cause:
  • Liver failure
  • Death.

Time between exposure to the virus and the development of signs and symptoms:8a pg 1 15 - 50 days43b 

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HEPATITIS B

Viral infection of the liver caused by Hepatitis B virus45
 
 
How it spreads45
  • Transmitted from person to person through body fluids
  • From infected mother to baby during birth
  • Through blood, blood products or contaminated materials
 
Signs and Symptoms45
  • Fever
  • fatigue
  • loss of appetite
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • abdominal pain
  • dark urine
  • clay-coloured stools
  • joint pain
  • jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes)44
 
Complications45
  • Permanent liver damage
  • Cancer of the liver

Time between exposure to the virus and the development of signs and symptoms:8 An average of 90 days45

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RUBELLA – ‘GERMAN MEASLES’

Viral infection that is contagious46
 
 
How it spreads47 Coughing or sneezing
 
Signs and Symptoms48
  • Low grade fever
  • Headache
  • Mild pink eye
  • General discomfort
  • Swollen and enlarged lymph nodes
  • Cough
  • Runny nose
 
Complications49
  • Brain infections
  • Bleeding problems
  • Serious birth defects can occur if a woman is infected during the first trimester of pregnancy

Time between exposure to the virus and the development of signs and symptoms:8 12 - 23 days46

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MEASLES

Viral infection: acute and can cause respiratory illness50
 
 
How it spreads50 Spreads by means of droplets or airborne (coughing, breathing or sneezing) from infected person. Remains infectious in the air for up to 2 hours after an infected person leaves the area
 
Signs and Symptoms50
  • Fever
  • General feeling of being ill
  • Cough
  • Rash spreading from the head to abdomen, to lower extremities
  • Tiny white spots inside the mouth51
 
Complications40
  • Brain damage
  • Ear infections
  • Seizures (jerking or staring)
  • Infection of the lungs11
  • May lead to death

Time between exposure to the virus and the development of signs and symptoms:8 14 days50

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INFLUENZA – ‘FLU’

Viral infection that is contagious; caused by influenza virus53
 
 
How it spreads53
  • Coughing
  • Sneezing
  • Talking
 
Signs and Symptoms53
  • Feeling feverish/chills
  • cough
  • runny or stuffy nose
  • muscle or body aches
  • headache
  • tiredness
Common in children:
  • Vomiting
  • diarrhoea
 
Complications54
  • Infection of the lungs11
  • Inflammation of the heart
  • Inflammation of the brain
  • Ear infections
Time between exposure to the virus and the development of signs and symptoms:8 1 - 4 days53
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MENINGOCOCCAL MENINGITIS

Bacterial infection: caused by Neisseria meningitidis 55
 
 
How it spreads55 Spread through exchanging saliva during close contact (kissing or coughing), or lengthy contact like living in the same space (family or roommates)
 
Signs and Symptoms57
  • Sudden onset of fever
  • headache
  • stiff neck
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • increased sensitivity to light
  • altered mental status (confusion)
Newborns and infants: May appear to be slow or inactive; irritable; vomiting; feeding poorly
 
Complications58,59
  • Nervous system problems
  • Seizures
  • Brain damage
  • Learning disabilities
  • Amputation of limbs
  • Hearing loss

Time between exposure to the bacteria and the development of signs and symptoms:8 3 - 4 days56

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HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS - ‘HPV’

Viral infection caused by the Human papillomavirus60
 
 
How it spreads60
  • Sexual contact
 
Signs and Symptoms61 No specific symptoms of disease62
 
Complications60,61
  • Genital warts
  • Cervical cancer
  • Anal cancer
  • Penile cancer
  • Vaginal cancer

Time between exposure to the virus and the development of signs and symptoms:8 Variable61

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HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B - ‘HIB’

Severe bacterial infection caused by Haemophilus influenzae type B. The Infection is common in infants63
 
 
How it spreads63 Passed through the area between the nose and throat
Signs and Symptoms63
  • Infection and inflammation of the brain and spinal cord4
  • Infection of the lungs11
  • Swelling in the throat that can block airflow65
  • Swollen, sore joints66
  • Bacterial skin infection (red, painful swelling)67
Complications63 May lead to fatality despite antimicrobial administration

Time between exposure to the bacteria and the development of signs and symptoms:8 Variable63,64

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PNEUMOCOCCAL DISEASE

Bacterial infection caused by the Streptococcus pneumoniae 68
 
 
How it spreads69 Person to person through contact with bodily fluid/secretions (e.g. saliva and mucus)
Signs and Symptoms70 Infection of the lungs Fast breathing; cough; chest pain; fever and chills Infection and inflammation of the brain and spinal cord4 Stiff neck; headache; confusion; pain when looking into bright light. In babies, it may cause poor eating or drinking; low alertness and vomiting Infection of the middle ear Ear pain; red; swollen ear drums; fever; sleepiness
Complications70
  • Infection and inflammation of the brain and spinal cord4
  • Sinus and ear infections
  • Infection of the lungs
  • Infection of the blood
Medical References
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Medical References

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